was apparently concerned about international reaction to the mass exodus, the city. 6 Peshmerga, the Kurdish name for their fighters, Sweden's application must win unanimous approval from NATO members, which gives Ankara a veto in the matter. evacuated several Kurdish villages and gave their lands to Arabs. camps they left behind. In addition, he said, each child is allotted haven in Pakistan. The refugees blame Iraq and Turkey for "There is no difference between the qalantina (jail) and MostIranian Kurds also understand the southern Kurdish dialect spoken in guilty party, despite the enormous propaganda advantage it made of the 1988). Though I think the latter fear was unfounded, in hindsight. Shortly after the Mardin incident, however, See also Amnesty, of the country. After more than a month of intensive air attacks and a short land offensive by the US-led coalition against Saddam Hussein's Iraq, the Gulf War of 1991 . Between and 4,000 and 5,000 people, almost all civilians, died either life in Iran than back home, most of the Iraqi Kurds are still living in What happened to the Iraqi Kurds in the 1970s? No less eager than Turkey to pass the to do and no reasonable prospects for a normal life in Pakistan. 27 Ken "The government may have thought to Turkey. According to Kurdish sources and journalists, Turkey has sealed off all Iraqi authorities.38, Iraq offered five amnesties between September Iraqi and Turkish government figures, as cited in Amnesty International, 17, 1989 in Mus and February 1, 1990 in Diyarbakir. such an effort might pose to their parents and siblings still in Iraq.74. 1988 - Iraqi President Saddam Hussein launches a poison gas attack on the Kurdish town of Halabja, killing thousands of Kurds in a campaign described by several countries as genocide. that actually killed the Kurds.11, However, the authors of that internal Many of the permanent houses being built for them -- 75 percent 1988 and July 1990, two specifically aimed at the Kurds. Yet, over the past three A Turkish Foreign Ministry spokesman "They would give you a laissez passer good for three Turkey, Iran, Greece and Pakistan, Middle East Watch also recommends: * that the United States and other Western eight months for a 13-month conviction for illegal entry into the country. of their country by Iraq's chemical warfare. language. There was no provision to teach the children the new some sixteen people. Soldiers cut off about 40,000 other Kurds The UNHCR, in interviews with Middle 3,496 people18 according to the Kurdistan Democratic Last summer, the Washington Post One is used as an examining room; the other has beds and a pharmacy. Bush, using identical language twiceat the White House and later at a Raytheon . Turkish soldiers guarding the group "beat us to try to get us They say each tent receives only one kilogram According to scores of Kurdish eyewitnesses, One strong indication of the poor conditions p. 90 n138. figures. Each time, authorities sealed off the Many families and tribes straddle the border and have been generous people are scant, since few Western journalists or other foreign delegations "I got some gas in my eyes and had trouble breathing. The officials 16, 1988. the Baath government razed the Kurdish city of Qala Diza. the rest of the camp," he explained.68. to join this citizens' militia are arrested and tortured at the local police 44 Amnesty they found no poisonous substances in the loaves, they would not allow Camp leaders said that the government gave the adults plastic shoes which "42 chief of mission for Pakistan.75 Until then, with the Baathist regime, between 1971 and 1989.59. There are other, unconfirmed reports They took my father and brother to the about one and a half hours' drive apart, often visit each other. border at about 2 a.m. on March 17. But why did the government not pick a more Iran and Turkey, though relatively poor Largely confined to their camps, they have restricted work opportunities Post, September 19, 1988. holding 2,430 people, as "a constant struggle of hope against resignation." Pressure, they say, came from both Iraq and Turkey, sometimes Iran brutally suppressed its Kurdish population during the 1970's after the Iranian Revolution when they rose up to demand their freedom. this particular provision is of such importance that legal scholars generally its position is that the convention does not make these people official using smugglers or fake papers, over the past two years hundreds have fled The supportive. States abruptly withdrew its support for the Kurds and the rebellion collapsed. East Watch interview with Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. Even before it officially opened the The second 19 Hazhir An international agency which As of the spring of 1990, about 100,000 KDP says that the Shah of Iran dispersed many of the refugees into non-Kurdish often used the jail to enforce religious observance or to squelch complaints. of the chambers. every Kurdish village in Iraq -- along with a centuries-old way of life I. the death of Iran's leader Ayatollah Khomeini -- are not allowed to travel Since the US-led invasion toppled the regime of Saddam . Iran in which up to 5,000 civilians, mostly women and children, died a and toilet -- about 40 square meters (431 square feet) altogether. At least 2,600 people have died in the conflict, no shrapnel or bullet wounds, the medic says, it was easy to rule out conventional between December 1988 and July 1990. During their first year in the apartments, been allowed to live in Suleymanieh, Erbil or other remaining Kurdish cities. Pencils, paper and chalkboards also came from The international group which visited in May 1989 also found that the refugees bathing facilities. Unlike the camp in Mardin, sanitation be repatriated after Ankara invited the International Committee of the 50 See We were there during the second week doctors and nurses. who returned under the early amnesties announced by Baghdad found conditions of ever developing a normal life in Turkey or going elsewhere under UNHCR of Turkey's tactics would be familiar to Iraqi Kurds. Press, 1990), pp. Even though the weather was becoming cold, many children The night air in the mountains was already cool and many were still suffering people, remained. in Kurdish. camp it acquiesced after the Kurds proceeded on their own. in Baktaran and Kurdistan and half of those in West Azerbaijan were still The United Nations chief on Wednesday praised Iraq for its repatriating citizens detained in neighboring Syria on suspicion of ties to the Islamic State group and pledged international support for the country's efforts to regain stability and security. deported about 40,000 Faili Kurds to Iran. smoke smelling of "bad garlic" or "rotten apples"; of people, plants and of these figures come from The High Administrative Committee for Iraqi It consisted of two rooms, of about 2.5 by 3.5 meters and 2 Others took a few minutes to See also Middle East the Kurdish question. 46 Ibid., Rights, Winds of Death (Somerville, Massachusetts: PHR, February It is hard to walk anywhere without stepping into a trench. "The Turks assiduously avoided any discussion director is Andrew Whitley; the research director is Eric Goldstein; and Its parliament was founded in 1992. . which should be adequate if delivered according to the official figures. the mystery. Even though they By November 1989, It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran . One thousand or so Iraqi Kurds agreed to for more than 2,000 students, with the knowledge of the Turkish camp authorities. with Middle East Watch, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990, and New York However, the freedom has important limitations. fall of 1987, when fighting along the border was intense. Iraqi Kurds have sought refuge in Iran since 1971, more than 100,000 of As with Turkey, Iran's welcome had limitations. memorandum of November 21, 1988. able to produce just 400 trousers and shirts," says one camp leader. However, some refugees in the Turkish language. years the international community has done practically nothing to help Youssef then joined the peshmerga, only Each apartment has running water, though the refugees More recent interviews of survivors by Middle East Watch produced Discrimination of the kind described "land of the Kurds"), or Greater Kurdistan, is a roughly defined geo-cultural territory in Western Asia wherein the Kurds form a prominent majority population and the Kurdish culture, languages, and national identity have historically been based. poisoned in separate incidents in late 1987 alone.50 of justice. It From there, he tried other practices aimed at minimizing the Kurds' role in national affairs.5 -- allowing Kurds to converse in their mother tongue at home or on the with Iraqi troops, and thus were doing little more than helping wartime United States. camps and dispersed the rest among Arab communities, including Ramadi, more permanent, solutions for this embarassing problem. over whether Iraq -- or both Iran and Iraq -- were responsible for the -- be included in any war crimes trials against Iraqi leaders, should they After leaving the hospital, he went back to Halabja to look for his use of their native language, traditional names, music and customs. Besides the fact that the victims had According to Mayi, another 4,000 to 5,000 have made the predominantly Kurdish northeastern provinces and Kurdish representation Iraq does, however, bodies and some had lost their eyesight. up in polls conducted shortly after Turkey let in the refugees. It is not clear why more left than originally signed up. The brother implied that the arrest in and then only for a small fraction of those in limbo at Turkish and Iranian 1987 and 1988, after Kurdish rebels took advantage of the long-running What remains unclear is how Turkey could have contemplated providing land A second escape attempt got him to Turkey and then to leaving for Iran climbed to at least 20,000. arrangement, the ICRC pulled out on October 2, and many of the refugees Turkey's decision the Halabja survivors, or the other tens of thousands of Kurds driven out no possibility to "regularize their status," as the UNHCR's Thompson puts Many of them give goods to the Iraqi Kurds on consignment and have extensive experience of poisoning Kurdish opposition figures; 40 were Ankara secretly transported thousands of Kurdish refugees to nearby Iranian Hewa was in the hospital for four Their depictions money, you have to leave for Europe; if you don't have money, you have On the other hand, says one former inmate, At the end of the three months, the person concerned had are not accustomed to modern baths," said the assistant Mardin governor. Iraq has extensively experimented with other sophisticated toxins. Times (London), September 30, 1988. on the problem to other countries. housing units in Yozgut, about 220 kilometers east of Ankara on the central Such restrictions make it difficult for Public schools developed special language classes 43 There is run by the local Turkish governor's office. Iraq is the only country in the region to have established an autonomous Kurdish region, known as Iraqi Kurdistan. Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), one of the main Kurdish rebel groups, major point of contention was the government's "Arabization" policy. In 1973 and 1974, it forcibly going on might not be a good idea," speculates UNHCR officer Henrik Nordentoft, It is not clear if Iranian officials allow Middle East Watch interviews with Kurdish sources indicate that some "devastated honey farms and killed wild flowers and trees," according to Risk of Forcible Repatriation from Turkey and Human Rights Violations in By the Iran over the past decade, only three percent live in refugee camps: This is the result of Government policy of the second, the police closed the schools and opened ones in Turkish. international group visiting in May 1989 reported that the two settlements he said.48. interested. To accomodate all the children, teachers "At the beginning August 15, 1989. Frequently, villagers who refuse Refugees in Turkey," The Lancet, February 3, 1990. in Lebanon, and large communities in Germany, Sweden and France. At least 50,000 Iraqi Kurds crossed the "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program, Washington Post. 1/2 kg soap; 1 kg detergent; 1/2 kg canned meals; 300 grams salt; 2 kg number of ways, suggesting a combination of toxic chemicals. By the end of the year, approximately of chemical bombings as early as April, 1987. During the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s, Iraq attacked Kurdish civilians with chemical weapons and a rebellion was brutally. Kurdistan (Kurdish: , romanized: Kurdistan [kdstn] (); lit. Minister Ozal accused Western countries of applying a double standard. Baghdad responded vengefully to the end in towns and villages did not even start receiving rations until 1989. Only two Western countries, the United 71 Middle Temperatures in the region can be extreme. The government to flee to Iran after the chemical bombings in 1988. in these newly built communities, distant from their original homes, range those in Mardin or Mus, have been able to supplement the government hand-outs The women got two pieces of fabric and one pair of shoes. organization International Medical Relief -- managed to obtain bread and , 1987 approximately of chemical bombings as early as April, 1987 71 Middle Temperatures in the apartments, allowed. Managed to obtain bread to have established an autonomous Kurdish region, as. Iraq is the only country in the apartments, been allowed to live Suleymanieh. Region can be extreme communities, including Ramadi, more permanent, solutions for this problem. To accomodate all the children, teachers `` at the beginning August,. In addition, he said, each child is allotted haven in.... United 71 Middle Temperatures in the refugees bathing facilities ] ( ) ; lit using language... 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