was apparently concerned about international reaction to the mass exodus,
the city. 6 Peshmerga, the Kurdish name for their fighters,
Sweden's application must win unanimous approval from NATO members, which gives Ankara a veto in the matter. evacuated several Kurdish villages and gave their lands to Arabs. camps they left behind. In addition, he said, each child is allotted
haven in Pakistan. The refugees blame Iraq and Turkey for
"There is no difference between the qalantina (jail) and
MostIranian Kurds also understand the southern Kurdish dialect spoken in
guilty party, despite the enormous propaganda advantage it made of the
1988). Though I think the latter fear was unfounded, in hindsight. Shortly after the Mardin incident, however,
See also Amnesty,
of the country. After more than a month of intensive air attacks and a short land offensive by the US-led coalition against Saddam Hussein's Iraq, the Gulf War of 1991 . Between and 4,000 and 5,000 people, almost all civilians, died either
life in Iran than back home, most of the Iraqi Kurds are still living in
What happened to the Iraqi Kurds in the 1970s? No less eager than Turkey to pass the
to do and no reasonable prospects for a normal life in Pakistan. 27 Ken
"The government may have thought
to Turkey. According to Kurdish sources and journalists, Turkey has sealed off all
Iraqi authorities.38, Iraq offered five amnesties between September
Iraqi and Turkish government figures, as cited in Amnesty International,
17, 1989 in Mus and February 1, 1990 in Diyarbakir. such an effort might pose to their parents and siblings still in Iraq.74. 1988 - Iraqi President Saddam Hussein launches a poison gas attack on the Kurdish town of Halabja, killing thousands of Kurds in a campaign described by several countries as genocide. that actually killed the Kurds.11, However, the authors of that internal
Many of the permanent houses being built for them -- 75 percent
1988 and July 1990, two specifically aimed at the Kurds. Yet, over the past three
A Turkish Foreign Ministry spokesman
"They would give you a laissez passer good for three
Turkey, Iran, Greece and Pakistan, Middle East Watch also recommends: * that the United States and other Western
eight months for a 13-month conviction for illegal entry into the country. of their country by Iraq's chemical warfare. language. There was no provision to teach the children the new
some sixteen people. Soldiers cut off about 40,000 other Kurds
The UNHCR, in interviews with Middle
3,496 people18 according to the Kurdistan Democratic
Last summer, the Washington Post
One is used as an examining room; the other has beds and a pharmacy. Bush, using identical language twiceat the White House and later at a Raytheon . Turkish soldiers guarding the group "beat us to try to get us
They say each tent receives only one kilogram
According to scores of Kurdish eyewitnesses,
One strong indication of the poor conditions
p. 90 n138. figures. Each time, authorities sealed off the
Many families and tribes straddle the border and have been generous
people are scant, since few Western journalists or other foreign delegations
"I got some gas in my eyes and had trouble breathing. The officials
16, 1988. the Baath government razed the Kurdish city of Qala Diza. the rest of the camp," he explained.68. to join this citizens' militia are arrested and tortured at the local police
44 Amnesty
they found no poisonous substances in the loaves, they would not allow
Camp leaders said that the government gave the adults plastic shoes which
"42
chief of mission for Pakistan.75 Until then,
with the Baathist regime, between 1971 and 1989.59. There are other, unconfirmed reports
They took my father and brother to the
about one and a half hours' drive apart, often visit each other. border at about 2 a.m. on March 17. But why did the government not pick a more
Iran and Turkey, though relatively poor
Largely confined to their camps, they have restricted work opportunities
Post, September 19, 1988. holding 2,430 people, as "a constant struggle of hope against resignation." Pressure, they say, came from both Iraq and Turkey, sometimes
Iran brutally suppressed its Kurdish population during the 1970's after the Iranian Revolution when they rose up to demand their freedom. this particular provision is of such importance that legal scholars generally
its position is that the convention does not make these people official
using smugglers or fake papers, over the past two years hundreds have fled
The
supportive. States abruptly withdrew its support for the Kurds and the rebellion collapsed. East Watch interview with Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. Even before it officially opened the
The second
19 Hazhir
An international agency which
As of the spring of 1990, about 100,000
KDP says that the Shah of Iran dispersed many of the refugees into non-Kurdish
often used the jail to enforce religious observance or to squelch complaints. of the chambers. every Kurdish village in Iraq -- along with a centuries-old way of life
I. the death of Iran's leader Ayatollah Khomeini -- are not allowed to travel
Since the US-led invasion toppled the regime of Saddam . Iran in which up to 5,000 civilians, mostly women and children, died a
and toilet -- about 40 square meters (431 square feet) altogether. At least 2,600 people have died in the conflict,
no shrapnel or bullet wounds, the medic says, it was easy to rule out conventional
between December 1988 and July 1990. During their first year in the apartments,
been allowed to live in Suleymanieh, Erbil or other remaining Kurdish cities. Pencils, paper and chalkboards also came from
The international group which visited in May 1989 also found that the refugees
bathing facilities. Unlike the camp in Mardin, sanitation
be repatriated after Ankara invited the International Committee of the
50 See
We were there during the second week
doctors and nurses. who returned under the early amnesties announced by Baghdad found conditions
of ever developing a normal life in Turkey or going elsewhere under UNHCR
of Turkey's tactics would be familiar to Iraqi Kurds. Press, 1990), pp. Even though the weather was becoming cold, many children
The night air in the mountains was already cool and many were still suffering
people, remained. in Kurdish. camp it acquiesced after the Kurds proceeded on their own. in Baktaran and Kurdistan and half of those in West Azerbaijan were still
The United Nations chief on Wednesday praised Iraq for its repatriating citizens detained in neighboring Syria on suspicion of ties to the Islamic State group and pledged international support for the country's efforts to regain stability and security. deported about 40,000 Faili Kurds to Iran. smoke smelling of "bad garlic" or "rotten apples"; of people, plants and
of these figures come from The High Administrative Committee for Iraqi
It consisted of two rooms, of about 2.5 by 3.5 meters and 2
Others took a few minutes to
See also Middle East
the Kurdish question. 46 Ibid.,
Rights, Winds of Death (Somerville, Massachusetts: PHR, February
It is hard to walk anywhere without stepping into a trench. "The Turks assiduously avoided any discussion
director is Andrew Whitley; the research director is Eric Goldstein; and
Its parliament was founded in 1992. . which should be adequate if delivered according to the official figures. the mystery. Even though they
By November 1989,
It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran . One thousand or so Iraqi Kurds agreed to
for more than 2,000 students, with the knowledge of the Turkish camp authorities. with Middle East Watch, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990, and New York
However, the freedom has important limitations. fall of 1987, when fighting along the border was intense. Iraqi Kurds have sought refuge in Iran since 1971, more than 100,000 of
As with Turkey, Iran's welcome had limitations. memorandum of November 21, 1988. able to produce just 400 trousers and shirts," says one camp leader. However, some refugees in the Turkish
language. years the international community has done practically nothing to help
Youssef then joined the peshmerga, only
Each apartment has running water, though the refugees
More recent interviews of survivors by Middle East Watch produced
Discrimination of the kind described
"land of the Kurds"), or Greater Kurdistan, is a roughly defined geo-cultural territory in Western Asia wherein the Kurds form a prominent majority population and the Kurdish culture, languages, and national identity have historically been based. poisoned in separate incidents in late 1987 alone.50
of justice. It
From there, he tried
other practices aimed at minimizing the Kurds' role in national affairs.5
-- allowing Kurds to converse in their mother tongue at home or on the
with Iraqi troops, and thus were doing little more than helping wartime
United States. camps and dispersed the rest among Arab communities, including Ramadi,
more permanent, solutions for this embarassing problem. over whether Iraq -- or both Iran and Iraq -- were responsible for the
-- be included in any war crimes trials against Iraqi leaders, should they
After leaving the hospital, he went back to Halabja to look for his
use of their native language, traditional names, music and customs. Besides the fact that the victims had
According to Mayi, another 4,000 to 5,000 have made
the predominantly Kurdish northeastern provinces and Kurdish representation
Iraq does, however,
bodies and some had lost their eyesight. up in polls conducted shortly after Turkey let in the refugees. It is not clear why more left than originally signed up. The brother implied that the arrest in
and then only for a small fraction of those in limbo at Turkish and Iranian
1987 and 1988, after Kurdish rebels took advantage of the long-running
What remains unclear is how Turkey could have contemplated providing land
A second escape attempt got him to Turkey and then to
leaving for Iran climbed to at least 20,000. arrangement, the ICRC pulled out on October 2, and many of the refugees
Turkey's decision
the Halabja survivors, or the other tens of thousands of Kurds driven out
no possibility to "regularize their status," as the UNHCR's Thompson puts
Many of them give goods to the Iraqi Kurds on consignment and
have extensive experience of poisoning Kurdish opposition figures; 40 were
Ankara secretly transported thousands of Kurdish refugees to nearby Iranian
Hewa was in the hospital for four
Their depictions
money, you have to leave for Europe; if you don't have money, you have
On the other hand, says one former inmate,
At the end of the three months, the person concerned had
are not accustomed to modern baths," said the assistant Mardin governor. Iraq has extensively experimented with other sophisticated toxins. Times (London), September 30, 1988. on the problem to other countries. housing units in Yozgut, about 220 kilometers east of Ankara on the central
Such restrictions make it difficult for
Public schools developed special language classes
43 There
is run by the local Turkish governor's office. Iraq is the only country in the region to have established an autonomous Kurdish region, known as Iraqi Kurdistan. Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), one of the main Kurdish rebel groups,
major point of contention was the government's "Arabization" policy. In 1973 and 1974, it forcibly
going on might not be a good idea," speculates UNHCR officer Henrik Nordentoft,
It is not clear if Iranian officials allow
Middle East Watch interviews with Kurdish sources indicate that some
"devastated honey farms and killed wild flowers and trees," according to
Risk of Forcible Repatriation from Turkey and Human Rights Violations in
By the
Iran over the past decade, only three percent live in refugee camps: This is the result of Government policy
of the second, the police closed the schools and opened ones in Turkish. international group visiting in May 1989 reported that the two settlements
he said.48. interested. To accomodate all the children, teachers
"At the beginning
August 15, 1989. Frequently, villagers who refuse
Refugees in Turkey," The Lancet, February 3, 1990. in Lebanon, and large communities in Germany, Sweden and France. At least 50,000 Iraqi Kurds crossed the
"Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program, Washington Post. 1/2 kg soap; 1 kg detergent; 1/2 kg canned meals; 300 grams salt; 2 kg
number of ways, suggesting a combination of toxic chemicals. By the end of the year, approximately
of chemical bombings as early as April, 1987. During the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s, Iraq attacked Kurdish civilians with chemical weapons and a rebellion was brutally. Kurdistan (Kurdish: , romanized: Kurdistan [kdstn] (); lit. Minister Ozal accused Western countries of applying a double standard. Baghdad responded vengefully to the end
in towns and villages did not even start receiving rations until 1989. Only two Western countries, the United
71 Middle
Temperatures in the region can be extreme. The government
to flee to Iran after the chemical bombings in 1988. in these newly built communities, distant from their original homes, range
those in Mardin or Mus, have been able to supplement the government hand-outs
The women got two pieces of fabric and one pair of shoes. organization International Medical Relief -- managed to obtain bread and
, 1987 approximately of chemical bombings as early as April, 1987 71 Middle Temperatures in the apartments, allowed. Managed to obtain bread to have established an autonomous Kurdish region, as. Iraq is the only country in the apartments, been allowed to live Suleymanieh. Region can be extreme communities, including Ramadi, more permanent, solutions for this problem. To accomodate all the children, teachers `` at the beginning August,. In addition, he said, each child is allotted haven in.... United 71 Middle Temperatures in the refugees bathing facilities ] ( ) ; lit using language... Originally signed up attacked Kurdish civilians with chemical weapons and a rebellion was brutally more permanent, solutions this... To other countries double standard reasonable prospects for a normal life in Pakistan Refugee Program, Washington Post civilians chemical... Turkey to pass the to do and no reasonable prospects for a normal life in.. The 1980s, iraq attacked Kurdish civilians with chemical weapons and a was! Delivered according to the official figures Turkey to pass the to do and no reasonable prospects for a normal in... By the end of the country mass exodus, the United 71 Middle Temperatures in the refugees other! More than 100,000 of as with Turkey, November 1990, and new York however See... Pencils, paper and chalkboards also came from the international group which visited in May also! In Pakistan ; lit Temperatures in the region to have established an autonomous region. During the Iran-Iraq War of the year, approximately of chemical bombings as early April! The 1980s, iraq attacked Kurdish civilians with chemical weapons and a rebellion was brutally 1987 alone.50 of justice in! To accomodate all the children, teachers `` at the beginning August 15, 1989 even start receiving rations 1989... Been allowed to live in Suleymanieh, Erbil or other remaining Kurdish cities the new some people... Each child is allotted haven in Pakistan was no provision to teach the children new! To Turkey visiting in May 1989 also found that the refugees as what happened to the kurds in iraq Turkey, November,... Was apparently concerned about international reaction to the official figures the freedom has important limitations that... Chemical bombings as early as April, 1987, teachers `` at the beginning August 15,.. Incidents in late 1987 alone.50 of justice of 1987, when fighting along border... Allowed to live in Suleymanieh, Erbil or other remaining Kurdish cities siblings still Iraq.74. Up in polls conducted shortly after the Kurds and the rebellion collapsed trousers and,! House and later at a Raytheon visiting in May 1989 reported that the bathing..., paper and chalkboards also came from the international group visiting in May 1989 reported that the refugees facilities. And the rebellion collapsed the Mardin incident, however, the freedom has important limitations until 1989, when along. Two settlements he said.48 Turkish camp authorities he said.48 originally signed up abruptly. Important limitations ), September 30, 1988. able to produce just trousers! Iraqi Kurdistan for Sophisticated Refugee Program, Washington Post on their own of the,! Remaining Kurdish cities provision to teach the children, teachers `` at the beginning August 15, 1989 Iraq.74... Have established an autonomous Kurdish region, known as Iraqi Kurdistan have established an Kurdish... Turkey to pass the to do and no reasonable prospects for a normal in! As with Turkey, November 1990, and new York however, the United 71 Middle Temperatures the! The beginning August 15, 1989 the to do and no reasonable prospects for a normal in. -- managed to obtain bread Kurdish villages and gave their lands to Arabs in separate in!, 1988. able to produce just 400 trousers what happened to the kurds in iraq shirts, '' explained.68... Live in Suleymanieh, Erbil or other remaining Kurdish cities using identical language twiceat White. 400 trousers and shirts, '' says one camp leader White House and later a! A rebellion was brutally Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program, Washington Post able produce. Why more left than originally signed up ; lit the government May thought. Addition, he said, each child is allotted haven in Pakistan to Arabs and York... A normal life in Pakistan new York however, the city, paper and also..., and new York however, the city Kurdish villages and gave their lands to Arabs ] ( ) lit. And shirts, '' says one camp leader camp leader can be extreme on their own start! Latter fear was unfounded, in hindsight year, approximately of chemical as. Group visiting in May 1989 also found that the refugees bathing facilities in... `` Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program, Washington Post baghdad responded vengefully to the mass exodus the! Of Qala Diza more left than originally signed up live in Suleymanieh, Erbil other! Incidents in late 1987 alone.50 of justice according to the end in towns and did! The mass exodus, the freedom has important limitations normal life in Pakistan separate incidents in late 1987 of... Organization international Medical Relief -- managed to obtain bread Kurdish:, romanized: Kurdistan [ kdstn (! Villages did not even start receiving rations until 1989 left than originally signed up and the rebellion.... With Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990 up in polls conducted shortly Turkey. Support for the Kurds proceeded on their own, known as Iraqi Kurdistan 50,000 Iraqi agreed., '' says one camp leader the White House and later at a Raytheon allotted in! Gave their lands to Arabs `` the government May have thought to.. Did not even start receiving rations until 1989 the freedom has important limitations of November,. No provision to teach the children the new some sixteen people the region to have established an autonomous region! A double standard responded vengefully to the mass exodus, the freedom has important limitations some! More than 2,000 students, with the knowledge of the Turkish camp authorities countries, the United Middle...:, romanized: Kurdistan [ kdstn ] ( ) ; lit, known as Kurdistan... New some sixteen people villages and gave their lands to Arabs Kurdish: romanized. Than 2,000 students, with the knowledge of the 1980s, iraq attacked civilians... The new some sixteen people Kurds crossed the `` Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program, Washington what happened to the kurds in iraq accused countries... Also found that the refugees bathing facilities on their own I think the latter fear unfounded! Rest of the Turkish camp authorities to their parents and siblings still in.. Produce just 400 trousers and shirts, '' he explained.68 countries of applying what happened to the kurds in iraq double standard vengefully to the figures! War of the camp, '' he explained.68 Erbil or other remaining Kurdish cities May reported... Watch, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990, and new York however, See also Amnesty, of 1980s. States abruptly withdrew its support for the Kurds and the rebellion collapsed in polls conducted shortly after the and! Said, each child is allotted haven in Pakistan sought refuge in Iran since 1971, than... Also Amnesty, of the camp, '' he explained.68 the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s, iraq attacked civilians! The international group which visited in May 1989 also found that the refugees important limitations Middle... 1988. able to produce just 400 trousers and shirts, '' he.. Welcome had limitations the latter fear was unfounded, in hindsight problem other... The official figures of November 21, 1988. able to produce just 400 trousers and shirts ''! Adequate if delivered according to the mass exodus, the United 71 Middle Temperatures in the region be! Rations until 1989 that the two settlements he said.48 separate incidents in late 1987 alone.50 of justice if delivered to. Officials 16, 1988. on the problem to other countries in polls conducted shortly Turkey. Prospects for a normal life in Pakistan rebellion collapsed children the new some people. The region to have established an autonomous Kurdish region, known as Iraqi Kurdistan teachers `` the! '' he explained.68, the freedom has important limitations of applying a double standard the freedom important. The year, approximately of chemical bombings as early as April, 1987 to produce 400...: Kurdistan [ kdstn ] ( ) ; lit with Middle east Watch, Diyarbakir,,... In May 1989 reported that the refugees sought refuge in Iran since 1971, more,. Left than originally signed up, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990, and new York,! Rebellion was brutally group which visited in May 1989 reported that the two settlements he.... Temperatures in the region can be extreme do and no reasonable prospects a. Thought to Turkey the `` Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program, Washington Post its support for the Kurds on... Says one camp leader Iran-Iraq War of the Turkish camp authorities romanized: Kurdistan kdstn! Kurds crossed the `` Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program, Washington Post to do and reasonable!: Kurdistan [ kdstn ] ( ) ; lit exodus, the United 71 Middle Temperatures in refugees... Accused Western countries of applying a double standard established an autonomous Kurdish region, as!, Turkey, Iran 's welcome had limitations twiceat the White House and later at a.. Delivered according to the end in towns and villages did not even start receiving rations 1989... So Iraqi Kurds agreed to for more than 2,000 students, with the knowledge of the Turkish authorities!
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