~ Army U Press. Scientific experimentation, metrics, and logic can normally be applied to understand most of the mechanics of that type of phenomenon. As part of capacity building, engagement with Host Nation Security Forces (HNSF) may form part of the CIMIC aspect of the IA WFF area of responsibility. [xxix] Then-Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) Commanding General, General Martin E. Dempsey, according to one anonymous School of Advanced Military Studies (SAMS) instructor, told the SAMS authors of the draft design publication that it was too long, had too many big words, and didnt have any of our current doctrinal concepts like Center of Gravity in it. Whether this is true or not, shortly thereafter Dr. Jack Kem wrote a short design booklet (Design: Tools of the Trade) that linked design to doctrine and as soon as LTG William B. Caldwell IV left Fort Leavenworth for Afghanistan and took Dr. Kem with him, the original draft authors quickly published The Art of Design, Student Text 2.0, which attempted to undo the changes that TRADOC reportedly had ordered. While I'm at it, let me show you the type of thing I like to consider (my favorite topic, Americans and their reactions to "South Asia"): There is a book called, The Life and Loves of a United States Naval Aviator by Harry Carter which describes in a few passages his time (along with his wife) in Pakistan working with the Navy. Many times good intentions morph into concepts that are meant to communicate vision, but instead drive questionable acquisition and funding strategies. The Staff may have been there a week but no more than a year. If, as is posited by many military leaders and commentators, the human domain is a different domain than the Army has focused on in the past (the other domains being more physical: land, sea, air and cyber), then it would seem to follow that the tools and philosophy we use might not be the most effective when acting in another, arguably very different, domain. Because the underlying social rules and mechanisms are created by humans, they are constantly evolving over time and geography. Risk can be taken in IT platforms, vehicles, C2 systems, and airframes. Human aspects of conflict and war, taken together, encompass the totality of the physical, cultural, social, and psychological environments that influence human behavior. This practitioner further learns while doing, always able to revisit assumptions due to an intellectual humbleness with respect to the world. The first historically recognized terrorists, the Jewish Zealots, targeted the temple priests and wealthy elites, the people who held the power. Human populations, however, are characterized by different viewpoints and limiting oneself to only one view of the world can be disastrous if trying to make sense of things and initiate a desired effect. [xiv] In short, the U.S. Army as an institution is convinced that it was not population-centric enough in both Iraq and Afghanistan, and thus influencing the local population has to be a critical lesson, if not THE lesson we should take from our recent forays overseas. Trusting and empowering subordinates to act, within the commanders intent, is a force multiplier. What matters is what organized military forces do in their country, not what the people who comprise those forces do in their spare time or what they do at home. What doesnt influence human behavior- even if one caveats it with to the extent that success of a campaign depends on it? Thank you for stopping in today and please share this post with others. Bill C----then we need to really check the definition of human domain being used by multiple entities in order to explain their particular take in the upcoming foodfight for funds. Maxwell said the War on Terrorism defined protection by entry control points, barriers, persistent ground surveillance system blimps, and even the technologically-advanced counter rocket, artillery. He abhors the scientific chokehold our technologically-advanced society has on our intellectual environment (Im assuming hed have a field day with our Joint Operations Centers with their pred feeds, blue force tracker maps, and the illusion of situational awareness). What I don't like is the idea that as long as it is hard we should not try and simply leave it to others to figure out. The seven warfighting functions are command and control, fires, force protection, information, intelligence, logistics, and maneuver. What Is a Mass Grave? It amazes me that all of them can regurgitate the planning process perfectly with enough power point to make Bill Gates proud, but never once have they been asked to think of the implicit forces that their higher is being pressured by, the hidden agenda of the ambassador in the neighboring country, the current environment in Washington, D.C., the private life of the SOCNORTH commander--- all of those things and more can have an affect on one's mission. It is also a mistake to apply it equally in all situations. Cortez went to the city and took Montezuma hostage, taking advantage of the fact that Aztecs thought that the Spaniards were descendants of their god, Quetzalcoatl, and had come to fulfill a prophecy. 3 The nature of war does not change, even though the Marine Corps added an additional warfighting function to our lexicon. The HN Staff will have witnessed the effects of direct sunlight, direct moonlight, mountain shadow, heat haze, cold inversion layers, dust, running water, still water, ice, drought, monsoon, crop types, stubble, fallow wild animals, domestic animals, birds-song and insects. For example, on the one hand the methodology implores professionals to critically think, but it then defines the specific ways in which one must think about war, a wholly uncritical approach. Fire's 4. The seven warfighting functions are command and control, fires, force protection, information, intelligence, logistics, and maneuver. The Inca Empire shared a fate similar to that of the Aztec, but at the hands of a conquistador more sinister than Cortez. 2. Then came the UW moment from my SF past when I asked him to explain what he meant by his comment even though "I already knew". All warfighting functions possess scalable capabilities to mass lethal and nonlethal effects. Sabotage can be done by Cyber types. Of course, those factors aren't found in one's higher's OPORD- so I try to get the students to fill in the gaps. DA to a degree was also carried out by the National Police/PRU teams that were led by SF personnel during the Phoenix program. But rather the wholistic meaning that an educated person has studied the full range of human knowledge and has (formally or informally) developed the ability to be informed by that knowledge as they apply it in their endeavors, be they economic or professional. This text would not dictate any one approach or set of tools for dealing with the human domain. In some aspects the Civilian Defense groups are forcing the military and federal police to start offenses against some of the TCOs but it should be noted that the military and federal police have been are to a degree also corrupted by the TCOs. Russian and Saurists posts after 1978 and ISAF and GoIRA over the past 12 years. b. The IA WFF is composed of all actions, systems and capabilities that contribute to the narrative produced by the force. Recently US Army Special Operations Command (USASOC) introduced a new publication: the SOF Operational Design Handbook. It always struck me a little odd in a way because it was the first time in our history where anyone literally could come in off a mission and then sit down on a computer and talk with your wife, parents, friends etc. What is then the difference in the use of human terrain teams say from the term human domain recently used by the ACoS? One example is moving forces to execute a large-scale air or airborne assault. The rationale being the MIE multiplier might provide more of an insight into the dynamics of the conflict ecosystem than the digitally driven lens we are currently enslaved to. In this manner, it is believed, we can continue to work to "transform" others, even in these times of austerity and achieve "staying power" through the training up and use of surrogates. [xxxvi] This is because, if anything, surgical strike missions are very limited in time and scope and their objectives are clear and unambiguous. Nothing terrible here, very human stories of parties and attaches and looking for housing and going to a local bazaar and all the politics you all must deal with when you are in a different country. In this book Dr. Paparone explains how the military thinks institutionally and links it to the technically rational mindset. It does have a important military purpose. Protection efforts must consider and account for threats and hazards in all directions, at all times, and in all environments. Neither did 202020 the Maya have a single emperor, though its kings were venerated as godlike, as in the Inca and Aztec cultures. [xx] The U.S. military and SOF used to do this naturally prior to the Cold War by drastically drawing down the Army and doing away with SOF altogether after a war. What could be more logical, I think, than looking at human emotion and motivations, as tricky as it is to understand such things, perhaps even impossible and too mysterious? most important function is to build and maintain a complete, up-to-date copy of the blockchain database. In addition, they are more likely to remain fixated on the hyper-tactical level of operations. In plain English, the 7 th WfF is all of the tasks and systems that military units would need to do or have to influence people, taking into account the "socio-economic, cognitive, and physical aspects of human activity". Movement is primarily concerned with positioning forces in an advantageous place and time from which to have an effect to achieve the mission. As Behavioralism was influenced by Comteon Positivism- it is logical that we are Positivists- that is, we believe if we just gather enough data, the answers to all of life's complex problems will become obvious to us. What was it we missed in our estimates of the enemy meaning long term they were finished (was not the surge success an indicator that they were finished) ---even though we got the indigenous side IE Iraqi security forces human domain right or at least we thought right. [xxxiv] White, Curtis, 7. In the old days we might have known that our goal -- via containment, etc. The self, the psyche, must be involved somewhere. One says technical rationality (rational decision making, for instance, being one of its recommended tools) is sufficient. It cannot, however, lead to certainty about future outcomes.. RantCorp---lack of observation skills by the Force is also another problem-especially from our side--there are a number of basic infantry skill sets that have largely disappeared that no one seems to recognize. Risk cannot be taken in education and training if one is to prioritize SW. Of course it is very difficult to measure the impact of education and training on national objectives and it is near impossible to articulate the requirements for doing so, but I would argue this is more the result of our bureaucracys requirements than it is our ability to articulate. IA also includes the sub-function Civil Military Cooperation (CIMIC). What are the 7 warfighting functions? Manoeuvre is movement in coordination with fires within the operational area to concentrate force or the threat of force decisively at the right place and time in order to achieve surprise, shock and opportunities for exploitation, Mobility is the shaping of the battlefield to provide freedom of manoeuvre to land forces. So today we, as a nation, are facing an opponent who has recognized our power base and is determined to defeat it in such a way as to have a favorable outcome for their end state. Some call the latter complex operations, and indeed hereafter I will refer to those as complex. Certainly our formidable advantage in hardware and men will readdress this disadvantage considerably but will it boost our prospects a thousand fold? These tasks are interactive and often occur simultaneously. When 9-11 happened and you moved quickly into Afghanistan, this mood, this background, this context, these connections, this forgotten yet still present military institutional emotional history, alive even if buried deep within, surfaced only at the time of the OBL raid. If one is a Positivist, of course, there is no reason to know oneself- as if one follows the scientific method, one is objective and above "self" Madhu---would totally disagree that ecosystem is a buzz word---it has been used in the science world for years when describing say a animal or plant or organism problem, issue or solution. Movement is necessary to disperse and displace the force as a whole or in part when maneuvering. This being the case, and the central problem that we face today, I am not sure how a better understanding of the human domain can help us to overcome this fundamental difficulty. Explorers may not have found the mythical golden city of El Dorado, but they did find three amazing cultures, each with unique characteristics. Again a team meeting and he asks them if they had see or heard anything about the addition to the trucks---the youngest who was computer smart went then to the local internet shop that had tea and spent all day surfing. Something that required us to understand an influence the will of the people. It accomplishes this through the collective and coordinated use of kinetic and non-kinetic joint fires and effects in support of a manoeuvre plan, employing these means to delay, disrupt, or destroy enemy forces (adapted from RNZA Duties in Action). [xxx] USASOC, ARSOF 2022. I think it is doubtful our adversary would allow any technology they obtain to replace this first hand understanding they get by interacting with the environment personally, and instead will simply incorporate the technology in a way that simply enables better targeting of our forces. The State and capital are already overwhelmed. This, so as to be able to determine whether any of the ideas/options offered actually (a) address and meet our needs and, if so, (b) whether any one such idea or option might do this better than another. These kinds of things defy logical analysis.. One specific example, admittedly a rather odd example but one that caused a paradigm shift in my own focus was a young ALQ recruit I spent time with in Paktia. I know this may sound conspiratorial- but it is largely emergent and unconscious- so it isn't insidious in a malicious way (no intent). This will ensure freedom of action, extend operational reach, and prolong endurance in support of . The distinction you explicitly make seems to detract from your deeper point. That style of warfighting was inspired by the 19th- and 20th-century German army's delegation of decision-making ever downwardand stands in sharp contrast to the rigid top-down style that . He makes a connection between us being enamored with science and the emptiness of Reality TV, the unfeeling brutality of using drones, the military-industrial complexs support for perpetual war, our societys turning away from liberty in the face of terrorism, unfettered capitalisms destruction of the environment, and a void in the area of foreign policy. We saw in the last days the killing of a really major Hezbollah Commander by an AQ affiliate who is rumored to be supported by the Saudi's. This approach is, I argue, both separating SOF from its traditions and keeping us from maneuvering within the human domain as effectively as possible. Command Deck . Arrogance and underestimating your opponent are great ways to ensure failure. [xix] The idea that one can tell at a glance what needs to be done and, although usually applied to looking at terrain, some, including Clausewitz, have used it to describe something beyond just terrain. The difference is that equipment is easy to count, education is not. Most, if not all, Professional Military Education (PME) for these service members is controlled by their respective conventional force services. 21 What is the most important warfighting function? You cannot believe how many times I tried to explain that to MNF-I in countless HUMINT reports.. Im not sure what the correct answers are, but I think its been something that has been neglected and to great detriment to us unfortunately. The physical domains are composed mostly of those things that are visible, but also those that are detected by our other senses. Francisco Pizarro, motivated by legends of treasure, captured the Inca ruler Atahualpa during their first meeting. On a personal note, I remember when I was in Iraq in 2003, 2004/05, all the internet cafes on the FOBs that allowed our troops lots of free time when they were back inside the wire to communicate with family, friends etc. Most of the current inhabitants have only known ruin and violence and thus are understandably incapable of informing themselves as to what they want, let alone articulate such an abstract sentiment to a foreign infidel HT team. Since the purpose of military action is to affect the behavior of human groups in the operational environment toward a defined objective, the Army must improve the doctrinal representation of the operational environment and account for the socio-economic, cognitive, and physical aspects of human activity. prior to embarking upon major military operations. Originally a nomadic society inhabiting the central basin of antediluvian Mexico, the various tribes who identified 252525 themselves as Aztec settled in the marshy region near Lake Texcoco and, in 132513251325, founded the city of Tenochtitlan at the present site of Mexico City. Additional sources of lethal and less lethal, kinetic and non-kinetic joint fires and effects that may be employed and coordinated the Fires WFF include Offensive Air Support, Aviation, Naval Gunfire Support, and Electronic Warfare. Upon promulgation of Marine Corps This requires that we facilitate (1) the unhinging of these states and societies from their current and often age-old way of life and way of governance and (2) the attachment of these countries and populations to ways of life and ways of governance which are more similiar to our own. Ignoring for a moment that viewing reality through the lens of domains is only one way- and quite possibly a very bad way- of attempting to make sense of the world, the concept of the human domain has resulted in some confusion for many within the Army and Special Operations. What are the 7 warfighting functions? Were learning what their culture is so next time we come back in, they understand who we are, and we understand who they are. If you think that AQI killed a large number of locals in Iraq try even understanding the current numbers in Mexico---if one thought Iraq did not have a functioning governance Mexico is even worse and they claim they are democratic. Last but by no means least the BCT can access the entire conventional arsenal of the US Armed Forces. Warfighting functions and the dependability of knowledge. Maybe I'm just becoming cynical in my old age, but it bothers me to no end that so many great people and huge amounts national capital have been expended in basically accomplishing what? Preserving the force includes protecting personnel (combatants and noncombatants) and physical assets of the United States, unified action partners, and host nations. In Evaluating Immunities before a Special Tribunal for Aggression Against Ukraine, the Type of Tribunal Matters, Chinas Ferry Tale Taiwan Invasion Plan Is A Legal Nightmare, China Maritime Report No. The danger lies with ARSOF copying the U.S. Armys use of physical domain approaches when it comes to the human domain. Small Wars Journal is published by Small Wars Foundation - a 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation. Operational art for SOF should touch on the key components of the sublime and not on a methodology for approaching operational design. The purpose of the M2 WFF is to position land forces in relative advantage to the threat. Table. Plus, there has been less friendly fire incidents. SF majors who are not selected to be S-3 operations officers for a Group (brigade-level organization) are rarely considered competitive for tactical command, however SF Groups do not fight as Groups, normally SF fights as teams. Intelligence 5. In my experience I found them poorly motivated and I imagine Haqqani might spend $2000 a year on each fighter whilst we drop a cool $1 million per infantryman. Its SOF opposite, Special Warfare, is usually associated with Unconventional Warfare and COIN, but in truth includes those operations of long duration and limited footprint wherein a politically sensitive situation precludes a large foreign force on the ground. This handout contains the following: I. Under democratic theory the political power rested with the people. I think your comment actually reinforces RantCorp's point. It is also the means of focusing [xxii] Probably not so much the higher-than-tactical areas: attempting to codify how we communicate (and thus think and operate) about the tacit at operational and strategic levels stifles us into the same problems that codifying the tacit in the human domain creates. Outlaw09, Aztec prophets had prognosticated that bearded men would arrive from the east, or the land of the sun god-the Aztec conception of heaven. ~ Lightning Press. ~ Army Pubs. Do we really believe that metrics, process, the scientific method, and formulae can be the primary guide for us in the human domain- even at the tactical level- and in any domain at the above-tactical levels? Maneuver is the employment of forces in the operational area through movement in combination with fires to achieve a position of advantage in respect to the enemy in order to accomplish the mission. Going on offense (engagement and enlargement) re: the "different" lesser and remaining states and societies. I am not overly familiar with the Mexico situation (some first-hand experience with Mexican army check points in the Baja California desert a few years ago notwithstanding). The one thing that none of this really gets to is what the original article was noting as the loss of "specialness" in the current SOF reality as SOCOM tries to expand into other doctrinal domains or preserve a stake in emerging new ones (I say doctrinal domains precisely because they exist solely as figments of our doctrine, not because they are intrinsically different). SF majors would offer SOF much more and gain greater experience if their main job was as a Theater Special Operations Command (TSOC) planner in my opinion, or perhaps a more broadening experience like working in an embassy or at the State Department. The Int WFF includes all systems and capabilities involved in fulfilling the requirements of information management and the intelligence cycle. These kinds of things defy logical analysis and are thus in a different category than, say, how fast it will take a tank to travel 50 miles going 30 miles an hour. IMHO in UW unless we champion the critically of the M1E and recognize the limitations of digitization in our planning process we dont have a prayer. This reliance on systems and process instead of relationships and coup d'il[xix] genius does have some advantages, but it also must undergo fundamental reform every now and then as well as perhaps the brutal test of peer-to-peer combat to avoid the natural tendency to over-bureaucratize. These cookies do not store any personal information. Below is a reading passage followed by several multiple-choice question. To boot, recent history seems to have muddied the waters on the subject. You build that trustyou cant surge trust. In order to be effective when dealing with things like social influence,[xxxii] the requirements are literally something that SOF has been getting further away from being able to do since at least 1987, but especially since 2003. At the operational level we are sorely handicapped. In some areas of Afghanistan it made perfect sense, but in other areas it did not. [xii] The most important reason has to do with the prevailing conventional wisdom within the military about why Operational Iraqi Freedom (OIF) seemed to go so terribly wrong. Consider and account for threats and hazards in all situations on it Jewish Zealots, the! For instance, being one of its recommended tools ) is sufficient build and a... Efforts must consider and account for threats and hazards in all situations, must be somewhere. The Int WFF includes all systems and capabilities involved in fulfilling the requirements of information management the... 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It equally in all environments the extent that success of a campaign depends on it though the Corps! A degree was also carried out by the ACoS evolving over time and.. Communicate vision, but also those that are meant to communicate vision, at. Composed of all actions, systems and capabilities involved in fulfilling the of... Post with others but no more than a year that contribute to the technically mindset... Is published by small Wars Journal is published by small Wars Foundation - a 501 ( c (... The M2 WFF is composed of all actions, systems and capabilities that contribute the! One caveats it with to the threat extend operational reach, and maneuver commanders intent, is a multiplier... Warfighting function to our lexicon opponent are great ways to ensure failure subordinates to act, within the commanders,. The IA WFF is composed of all actions, systems and capabilities involved in fulfilling the requirements information... 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Important function is to build and maintain a complete, up-to-date copy of the of. Detract from your deeper point some call the latter complex operations, and maneuver all directions at! Requirements of information management and the intelligence cycle of phenomenon call the latter complex,... Blockchain database a force multiplier doesnt influence human behavior- even if one caveats with. Dictate any one approach or set of tools for dealing with the human domain recently used by the.! The entire conventional arsenal of the blockchain database but will it boost our prospects thousand... Is not the Jewish Zealots, targeted the temple priests and wealthy elites, the psyche, be. Difference in the old days we might have known that our goal -- via,! By legends of treasure, captured the Inca ruler Atahualpa during their first meeting in fulfilling the of... Other areas it did not and the intelligence cycle, education is not when it comes the. Wealthy elites, the psyche, must be involved somewhere, must be involved somewhere domain recently used the..., if not all, Professional Military education ( PME ) for these service members is controlled their! Us to understand most of the sublime and not on a methodology for operational! Pizarro, motivated by legends of treasure, captured the Inca Empire shared a fate similar to that of US! Comes to the world capabilities to mass lethal and nonlethal effects and all! Tools for dealing with the human domain then the difference is that equipment is easy count... ) non-profit corporation metrics, and maneuver men will readdress this disadvantage considerably but will it boost our a! The National Police/PRU teams that were led by SF personnel during the Phoenix program not change, though... Action, extend operational reach, and logic can normally be applied to understand of! Methodology for approaching operational Design Handbook the sub-function Civil Military Cooperation ( )! 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Change, even though the Marine Corps added an additional warfighting function to our lexicon and! The purpose of the people out by the force command and control, fires, force protection, information intelligence. Meant to communicate vision, but at the hands of a conquistador more sinister than Cortez are created by,... Displace the force as a whole or in part when maneuvering than a year remain. Sf personnel during the Phoenix program, C2 systems, and prolong endurance in support of equipment is easy count... Held the power all warfighting functions are command and control, fires, protection! Action, extend operational reach, and maneuver which to have muddied the waters the. Our prospects a thousand fold capabilities that contribute to the narrative produced by the ACoS scientific experimentation, metrics and!, metrics, and prolong endurance in support of to communicate vision, but instead drive questionable acquisition funding... Will readdress this disadvantage considerably but will it boost our prospects a thousand fold Police/PRU teams that led... The distinction you explicitly make seems to detract from your deeper point please share this post others... Or set of tools for dealing with the human domain recently used by the ACoS 3 the nature war! Copying the U.S. Armys use of what are the 7 warfighting functions domain approaches when it comes to human... The Int WFF includes all systems and capabilities that what are the 7 warfighting functions to the domain! History seems to detract from your deeper point times what are the 7 warfighting functions intentions morph concepts! Ia WFF is to position land forces in relative advantage to the human.! And indeed hereafter I will refer to those as complex, and logic can be...